What the evidence actually says about peptides

Product Transference Study of Testagen™ TDS®-Testosterone

ClinicalTrials.gov

This study will assess the potential of Testagen® TDS-Testosterone to enable transfer of Testosterone to females coming in contact with skin to which Testagen® TDS-Testosterone has been applied and the potential of product to raise serum androgen levels in those women.

Mitophagy and Mitochondrial DNA Dynamics During Ramadan Dry Fasting vs 16:8 Time-Restricted Feeding

ClinicalTrials.gov

This study investigates how different types of fasting affect cell health, specifically focusing on how mitochondria (the energy-producing parts of cells) are cleared and renewed.

Kisspeptin-10/basal LH ratio improves differentiation of central precocious puberty and premature thelarche

Banerjee AA, Bhanarkar SR, Kashikar S, Keshwani R, Walia S, Kavya DR, Bombe S, Pande S, Modi DN, Pathak BR, Joshi B, Tandon D, Patil A, Begum S, Mahale SD, Rao S, Surve SV. · Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry

Background Distinguishing idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP) from premature thelarche (PT) remains a clinical challenge and often necessitates GnRH stimulation testing.

Two-Part Study of the Effects of the X39 Patch on Circulating GHK and GHK-Cu Levels in Healthy Adults

ClinicalTrials.gov

The goal of this clinical trial is to investigate GHK and GHK-Cu blood levels pre- and post-intervention in healthy adults, and to investigate the efficacy of X39 patch on GHK and GHK-Cu blood levels in healthy adults compared to a placebo.

Impact of BPC-157 on Recovery Following Rotator Cuff Repair Surgery

ClinicalTrials.gov

This study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial investigating the effects of BPC-157 on tendon healing and functional recovery following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (aRCR).

Predictive value of serum β-hCG and blastocyst transfer for clinical pregnancy after frozen-thawed embryo transfer: a retrospective cohort study

Le Y, Yang S, Zhu M, Wang T, Shen G, Zhou Y, Peng L. · BMC pregnancy and childbirth

Aim To evaluate the predictive value of serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) measured at 11-14 days after frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) for clinical pregnancy, and to explore the potential associations of blastocyst transfer and other serum markers (total protein, albumin, red blood cell distribution w…

Effects of Preovulatory hCG Administration on Follicular Dynamics, Reproductive Hemodynamics, Nitric Oxide, and VEGF Levels in Mares

Abdelnaby EA, Alhaider AK, Emam IA, Al Qarnin HS. · Veterinary sciences

This study aimed to determine the action of a single dose of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on follicular dynamics, CL functionality, ovarian (OV.A) and uterine arteries (MUA) blood flow, hormones (estradiol [E2] and luteinizing hormone [LH]), nitric oxide (NO), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels…

Redefining "Normal" for hCG in postmenopausal women: 97.5th percentile reference intervals and 99th percentile thresholds across four chemiluminescence immunoassay systems

Zhu X, Wang J, Hou L, Zhang Y, Liu X, Gao X, Liu P, Xia L, Li J. · Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry

Background and objective Physiological human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) elevations in postmenopausal women are prone to misclassification as pathological. Substantial inter-system variation exists among immunoassays, and system-specific reference intervals (RIs) for this population have not been established.

Combined hCG and ketoprofen treatment improves dairy cow pregnancy rates through proposed complementary mechanisms: Luteal metabolic reprogramming and endometrial PGF2α suppression

Kolachi HA, Zhang X, Shahzad M, Ayantoye JO, Shanga RH, Peng P, Wan P, Wang K, Zhao X. · Animal reproduction science

We investigated whether combining human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) with ketoprofen after timed artificial insemination (TAI) improves pregnancy rates and explored the underlying mechanisms through serum metabolomics and in vitro endometrial cell analysis.

GnRH agonist with low-dose hCG (dual Trigger) versus GnRH agonist only trigger in high responders in GnRH antagonist cycle : a systematic review and meta-analysis

Syam HH, Bayuaji H, Tjahyadi D, Rachmawati A, Ritonga MA, Adrianto N. · Gynecologic and obstetric investigation

Introduction Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) remains a serious complication of assisted reproductive technology, particularly in high ovarian responders.

Before Orchiectomy: Gonadal Function in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors—A Narrative Review

Kaltsas A, Giannakodimos I, Kratiras Z, Sofikitis N, Chrisofos M. · Journal of clinical medicine

Persistent Low-Level hCG After Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia Remission: Treatment-Free Probability Stratified by Early hCG Course

Ji M, Zhao J, Xia L, Wan X, Feng F, Yang J, Jiang F, Xiang Y. · Cancers

Background/Objectives : To determine treatment-free probability after persistent low-level human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) elevation following complete remission from gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) and examine its association with the early hCG course.

LHCGR phamacodynamic effects during follicular maturation

Perri C, Casarini L, Lazzaretti C. · Frontiers in endocrinology

Luteinizing hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) are glycoprotein hormones that regulate human reproduction.

hCG promotes secondary ovulation and supplementary corpus luteum formation during early pregnancy in mares

Campos DG, Araujo RR, Syllos I, Feltrin SR, Pereira IM, de Souza Rosa F, Dos Santos Amaral C, Portela VM, Antoniazzi AQ. · Theriogenology

This study evaluated whether the administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) during early pregnancy accelerates ovulatory dynamics and alters serum progesterone concentrations in mares with dominant follicles.

Diagnostic performance of artificial intelligence models trained on scattered single-cell images is not preserved for hyperchromatic crowded cell groups in cervical cytology

Tanaka S, Yamamoto Y, Yokota K, Yamamoto T, Teramoto N. · Cancer cytopathology

Background Deep learning has shown promising performance in cervical cytology; however, many studies have relied on presegmented single-cell images rather than the more complex morphologic patterns encountered in routine practice.

Re-assessment of the therapeutic LH window in normogonadotropic IVF patients

Mannaerts B, Howles CM, Andersen CY. · Frontiers in endocrinology

Introduction Previous research has proposed a luteinizing hormone (LH) threshold and ceiling level, below which oestradiol production is not adequate and above which LH may be detrimental to follicular development.

The β-hCG-TNF-α-T cell axis in threatened abortion: unraveling the pathogenic cascade from aberrant glycosylation to inflammatory demise

Wang S, Guo Q, Niu D, Chen Y, Ping Y, Ren J, Qi D, Feng X. · Frontiers in immunology

Threatened abortion (TA), vaginal bleeding before 20 weeks in a viable pregnancy, affects 20-25% of early pregnancies. Its unpredictable nature is a major clinical challenge. Current diagnostics (β-hCG and ultrasound) are retrospective and fail to reveal the dynamic pathology.

Study on Neostigmine Acupoint Injection at Zusanli(ST36) for Treating Mechanical Ventilation-Associated Gastrointestinal Dysfunction

ClinicalTrials.gov

Mechanical ventilation is a common method of respiratory support for critically ill patients, and gastrointestinal dysfunction (GIDF) is a frequent complication. In the ICU, more than 60% of mechanically ventilated patients experience gastrointestinal dysfunction.

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)-Secreting Neuroblastic Tumors in Children Presenting With Chronic Secretory Diarrhea: A Report of Two Cases

Barbar M, Sultan I, Alrifaai A, Al-Dabbagh A, Halalsheh H. · Cureus

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-secreting neuroblastic tumors are rare pediatric neoplasms that may present with chronic secretory diarrhea prior to tumor detection, posing significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.

Do no harm: managing nausea and vomiting in GLP-1 based obesity therapies

Alhazmi A, le Roux CW. · Frontiers in endocrinology

Anti-obesity medications and cognitive disorder risk: a discrepancy between RCTs and real-world evidence

Li C, Lin C, Li Z, Lv F, Yang W, Ji L, Cai X. · Frontiers in pharmacology

Objectives To investigate the association between anti-obesity medication (AOM) use and the risk of cognitive disorder in individuals with overweight and obesity.

Unregulated Peptide Use in the Age of Biohacking: Digital Promotion, Gray-Market Access, and Emerging Public Health Risks

Hailu KT, Abriha FN, Duguma YM, Haddad RR, Liyew T, Kasagga A. · Cureus

Unregulated peptide use is emerging as a digitally mediated public health concern.

Trends in glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist utilization and expenditure in Croatia

Belančić A, Kučan Štiglić M, Fajkić A, Jelaković A, Pećin I, Reiner Ž, Jelaković B, Vitezić D. · The Journal of international medical research

IntroductionGlucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have transformed the management of type 2 diabetes and obesity by improving glycemic control, promoting weight loss, and reducing cardiovascular risk.

Evolution of incretin-based therapies: From GLP-1 monotherapy to dual and triple agonists: A new era in metabolic therapy

Gupta M, Shukla J. · The Indian journal of medical research

Incretin-based therapies have revolutionised the management of metabolic disorders, transitioning from DPP-4 inhibitors to advanced GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and next-generation dual and triple agonists.

Beyond weight loss: Preserving muscle health in the incretin era

Imaizumi T, Yabe D. · Journal of diabetes investigation

Incretin-Based Dual and Triple Agonists in Overweight or Obese Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Chan ZH, Omar AS, Gill K, Volucke G, Azhar MM, Haleem SM, Sia JE, Rahman OU, Ahmad M, Shahid N, Gardezi SA, Joseph KV, Behary Paray N, Zulfiqar E. · Cardiology in review

Incretin-based dual and triple agonists have emerged as effective options for obesity management, offering enhanced weight loss through multi-receptor agonism. However, data on their efficacy and safety remain limited.

Real-World Outcomes of Tirzepatide in Pakistani Adults With Obesity, Prediabetes, and Type 2 Diabetes

ClinicalTrials.gov

This is a multicentre, prospective, observational study of the medicine tirzepatide as it is used in routine clinical care in Pakistan. Tirzepatide is already approved for type 2 diabetes and for obesity, but there is very little information on how it works for people in South Asia, and none from Pakistan specifically.

Comparative outcomes for tirzepatide versus glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a national propensity matched study

Patel KS, Fakhoury B, Parmar K, Jahagirdar V, Sanyal AJ, Arab JP, Tariq R. · Intestinal research

Background/aims Evidence suggests glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) may improve disease-specific outcomes for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Tirzepatide, a dual GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor agonist, may offer additional benefits.

Tirzepatide for obesity without diabetes: mechanistic insights, clinical evidence, and future directions

He WT, Song YD, Wang XY, He SY, Tao X, Yuan SX, Zhou L, Long EW. · Frontiers in pharmacology

Obesity and its related complications have become an important public health concern. Traditional lifestyle modification and earlier pharmacotherapies provide only limited weight reduction. There is an urgent need for more effective treatments.

Tirzepatide non-response with subsequent semaglutide response in class 2 obesity

La Vignera S, Condorelli RA. · JCEM case reports

We report a paradoxical case of a 40-year-old man with class 2 obesity (body mass index 39.8 kg/m 2 ) and insulin resistance (homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR] 5.0; reference <2.0) who achieved minimal weight loss (<5%) despite tirzepatide dose escalation to 15 mg weekly over 6 months.

Case Report: Tirzepatide improves glycemic control in Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome

Araújo-Vilar D, Vela A, Castro AI, Fernández-Pombo A, Prado-Moraña T, Díaz-López EJ, Sánchez-Aparicio JA, Martínez R, Castaño L, Sánchez-Iglesias S. · Frontiers in endocrinology

Background Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome (RMS) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by variants in the INSR gene, which encodes the insulin receptor.

Tirzepatide Benefit for Early Glycemic and Weight Management in People with T2D in Japan: Rationale, Design, and Baseline Characteristics of T-BEAT Study

Waki H, Kagitani H, Osaga S, Inoue M, Yabe D. · Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders

Introduction Tirzepatide has demonstrated good efficacy and safety in the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in clinical trials.

Unilateral Graves' Disease Developing During Treatment With Tirzepatide in a Patient With Diabetes: A Case Report

Deto Y, Hasegawa R, Ino S, Shibata S, Ohno K, Itoh T, Matsumoto T, Miki T. · Case reports in endocrinology

Background Tirzepatide is a dual agonist of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor, demonstrates significant efficacy in lowering blood glucose levels and reducing body weight.

Tirzepatide and SGLT2 Inhibitors for Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity: Entering a New Cardiometabolic Therapeutic Era

Mohamed ZI, Shidane AA, Abdiasis AM, Hussein MH, Ibrahim AO, Abdi AA, Hashi KI, Mohamud MA, Mohamed AJ. · Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism

Background Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) accounts for over half of all heart failure hospitalizations, with obesity increasingly recognized as a central driver through expansion of epicardial adipose tissue, chronic low-grade inflammation and obesity-related haemodynamic overload culminating in…

Association of tirzepatide with changes in OSA-related measures based on baseline characteristics - post hoc analyses of SURMOUNT-OSA

Falcon B, Xie CC, Redline S, Grunstein R, Turnbull CD, Rapoport DM, Wang H, Chakladar S, Dimitriadis GK, Lau E, Bednarik J, Liao B, Malhotra A. · Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine

Purpose Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder characterized by repetitive collapse of the upper airway during sleep.

Increased Energy Expenditure through Intermittent Cold Exposure Does Not Enhance Tirzepatide Induced Weight-loss in Obese Mice

Bellucci A, Alfares H, Gale C, Akcan M, Waters B, Eisner K, Baranowski BJ, Jeromson S, Babicki-Moore A, Wright DC. · American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology

Obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure.

Association of Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide with Risk of Asthma Exacerbation in Patients with Asthma and Type 2 Diabetes: A US Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study

Hung CT, An CY, Suk CW, Lee TW, Hung SH. · Journal of asthma and allergy

Background While glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) show promise in improving respiratory outcomes, the comparative effectiveness of dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/GLP-1 RA versus GLP-1 RA alone remains unclear.

Comparative Efficacy of Tirzepatide Versus Semaglutide for Weight Loss in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Head-to-Head Studies

Paccola GP, de Oliveira RF, Mochetti MM, Razera FPM, Vecchi R, Montanher RCP. · Clinical obesity

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of tirzepatide versus semaglutide for weight reduction in adults with overweight or obesity. We included randomised controlled trials and observational studies comparing tirzepatide and semaglutide with ≥ 24 weeks of follow-up.

Bioavailability of Nutrients from Animal-Derived Foods Versus Other Sources of Foods: A Comprehensive Literature Review

Nutrients

Targeting Leukopoiesis: Pharmacological and Biotechnological Strategies for the Treatment of Leukopenia

Baktybayeva L, Kaldybayeva AB, Sokolenko A, Tursynova B, Ten AY, Daulet G, Svambayev E, Thevis M, Yu VK, Tassibekov KS. · Biomedicines

Leukopenia remains a major clinical challenge associated with infectious diseases, oncological therapies, autoimmune disorders, and metabolic and iatrogenic conditions.

Thymulin restrains age-associated myeloid inflammation and enhances cancer immunotherapy

Kanemaru H, Luong S, Yamamoto Y, Mizukami Y, Ito F. · Nature communications

Chronic inflammation increases with age and contributes to cancer progression and therapeutic resistance, yet the mechanisms underlying this process remain incompletely understood.

Zinc Coordination by Thymosin β4: Structural Determinants and Functional Implications

Lachowicz JI, Congiu T, Salis A, Cesare Marincola F. · International journal of molecular sciences

Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a highly acidic, intrinsically disordered 43-amino-acid peptide with diverse biological functions, yet its interactions with metal ions remain poorly understood.

A Case Report of a Multisystemic Immune-Related Adverse Event Caused by Sintilimab in Combination With Thymosin Alpha-1

Li T, Wu BL, Yu CL, Jin LY. · Clinical case reports

To report a case of a nasopharyngeal carcinoma patient who developed multisystem immune-related adverse events (irAEs) after treatment with sintilimab (PD-1 inhibitor) in combination with thymosin alpha-1 (Tα1). The patient presents with high fever, rash, interstitial pulmonary edema, and multiple organ failure.

Thymosin Alpha-1 Restores Chemotherapy-Induced Antitumor Immunity by Chaperoning a MicroRNA Ligand of TLR7 in Dendritic Cells

Wei Y, Chen J, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhu F, Wang X, Zhou X, Wu C, Zhang W, Chen J, Zhang Y, Pan N, Chen K, Zheng S, Yan C, Liu L, Wang L. · Cancer research

Chemotherapy induces cancer cell apoptosis and the release of apoptotic bodies (AB) that are poorly immunogenic or immunosuppressive, creating a major barrier to the success of coadministered or second-line immunotherapies.

Thymosin Alpha-1 Provides Direct Neuroprotection by Engaging the Orexin Receptor HCRTR1 to Suppress Neuronal Necroptosis

Kang X, Wang S, Zhang L, Hu M, Su X, Liu Y, Qin Q, Yi H, Yuan L, Cai W, Wei L, Lu Z. · Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)

Communication between the immune system and the brain is critical for neuronal health, yet the molecular signals that mediate this crosstalk are not fully understood. Here, we uncover an unexpected and direct neuroprotective axis linking the thymus to the central nervous system (CNS).

Relationships of Anemia, Serum Iron, and Serum Copper in Hospitalized Alpacas (Vicugna pacos)

Kornblum M, Buchallik-Schregel J, Röhrig P, Polifka A, Ganter M, Wagener MG. · Biological trace element research

A large number of South American camelids (SAC) presented to a veterinary clinic are diagnosed with anemia.

P-1231. A Phase 1 Open-label, Parallel-group, Single-dose Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Obeldesivir in Participants with Normal Renal Function and Renal Impairment

Open forum infectious diseases

Injectable Peptide Therapy: A Primer for Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Physicians

Mayfield CK, Bolia IK, Feingold CL, Lin EH, Liu JN, Rick Hatch GF, Gamradt SC, Weber AE. · The American journal of sports medicine

Background Therapeutic peptides are short-chain amino acids that regulate cellular functions and facilitate biochemical processes. In recent years, there has been significant growth in the global market for therapeutic peptides and thus its popularity among patients.