What the evidence actually says about peptides

Product Transference Study of Testagen™ TDS®-Testosterone

ClinicalTrials.gov

This study will assess the potential of Testagen® TDS-Testosterone to enable transfer of Testosterone to females coming in contact with skin to which Testagen® TDS-Testosterone has been applied and the potential of product to raise serum androgen levels in those women.

Mitophagy and Mitochondrial DNA Dynamics During Ramadan Dry Fasting vs 16:8 Time-Restricted Feeding

ClinicalTrials.gov

This study investigates how different types of fasting affect cell health, specifically focusing on how mitochondria (the energy-producing parts of cells) are cleared and renewed.

Two-Part Study of the Effects of the X39 Patch on Circulating GHK and GHK-Cu Levels in Healthy Adults

ClinicalTrials.gov

The goal of this clinical trial is to investigate GHK and GHK-Cu blood levels pre- and post-intervention in healthy adults, and to investigate the efficacy of X39 patch on GHK and GHK-Cu blood levels in healthy adults compared to a placebo.

Morphological differentiation of hyperchromatic crowded groups (HCG) in cervical cytology. Possible clinical significance

Villarreal Ramírez JC, Guaithero Rivas JE, Ramírez L, Peña Guillén J, de Méndez MT. · Revista espanola de patologia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Anatomia Patologica y de la Sociedad Espanola de Citologia

HCG groups (hyperchromatic crowded groups) are hyperchromatic cellular aggregates observed during routine screening for cancer and premalignant intraepithelial lesions in both negative and abnormal cervical cytology samples.

Association between urinary hCG trajectories and the risk of miscarriage in women undergoing embryo transfer: a prospective cohort study

Wang J, Wang X, Wang L, Zhang X, Zang P, Han W, Chen L, Wang Q, Li Y, Cai L. · Frontiers in endocrinology

Objective To investigate the association between the dynamic trajectories of urinary human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and the risk of early miscarriage after embryo transfer. Methods In this prospective cohort study conducted in Hebei Maternity Hospital, 207 women undergoing embryo transfer were enrolled.

Methotrexate in relatively contraindicated ectopic pregnancies: who benefits from treatment?

Özüm G, Güraslan H, Kurtoğlu N, Deniz L. · Archives of gynecology and obstetrics

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of methotrexate (MTX) therapy and identify clinical and laboratory predictors of treatment failure, particularly in relatively contraindicated cases.

Case Report: Primary hepatic carcinosarcoma with ectopic β-hCG secretion and a paraneoplastic leukemoid reaction mimicking gynecologic and hematologic disease

Wang P, Xu X, Zhang L. · Frontiers in oncology

Primary hepatic carcinosarcoma is an exceptionally rare and highly aggressive malignancy, and ectopic β-hCG production and paraneoplastic leukemoid reaction are both uncommon findings in solid tumors.

Analysis of factors that increase serum progesterone levels on the day of hCG administration in gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist cycles

Wang J, Liu X, Xue J, Zhang Y. · Frontiers in endocrinology

Objective To explore the factors associated with elevated serum progesterone (P) levels on the day of hCG administration in patients undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation using a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH-A) protocol.

Pre-synchronization with GnRH or hCG enhances fertility outcomes of heat synch protocol in Holstein dairy cows across parities: A pilot study

Navidifar P, Kaveh A, Hosseini SE, Keshtkar Zolghadr H, Simiyari R, Taghinasab S, Salehi MS, Kahyani A. · Veterinary and animal science

Efficient estrus synchronization is important for improving reproductive performance in dairy herds; however, variations in ovarian activity among cows of different parities may influence responses to synchronization protocols.

Correlation and predictive value of first-trimester serum markers (PAPP-A, Free β-hCG) for small-for-gestational-age (SGA) and large-for-gestational-age (LGA): a prospective cohort study

Nasiri-Amiri F, Omidvar S, Asnafi N, Amiri SM, Pahlavane Z, Koochaksaraei FY, Zabihi F, Taheriotaghsara S, Sharbatdaran M, Abdollahzadeh S. · Scientific reports

The first trimester offers valuable biomarkers that can predict abnormal fetal growth, such as small-for-gestational-age (SGA) and large-for-gestational-age (LGA) births.

A Case of a Chronic Ectopic Pregnancy in a Patient With Negative Serum β-HCG

Yu S, Su X, Liu L, Wang X, Chen X. · Clinical case reports

Chronic ectopic pregnancy should be considered in women with adnexal masses and persistent abdominal pain, even when serum β-hCG is negative, to prevent delayed diagnosis. This article reports a case of ectopic pregnancy with negative serum β-hCG levels nearly 3 months after curettage.

Association of human chorionic gonadotropin and post-pregnancy persistent enhanced myometrial vascularity

Timor-Tritsch IE, Monteagudo A, Platt LD, Shwayder JM, Maymon R, Kedem MR, Jauniaux E. · Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Objective To explore the role of circulating human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the pathophysiology of enhanced myometrial vascularity (EMV) postpregnancy and the usefulness of determining hCG level in the clinical evaluation and management of this condition.

Predicting in vitro fertilization success: establishing human chorionic gonadotropin cutoffs after frozen embryo transfers for untested and preimplantation genetic tested embryos

Frisch EH, Yazdani A, Yao M, Kim H, Desai N, Rehmer J. · Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics

Purpose The early post-embryo transfer period lacks well-defined beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) thresholds to distinguish viable from non-viable pregnancies after frozen embryo transfer (FET).

Blastomere/trophectoderm biopsy for preimplantation genetic testing does not affect early HCG levels

Alexandroni H, Buhbut E, Cohen Y, Altarescu G, Eldar-Geva T, Ben-Ami I. · JBRA assisted reproduction

Objective To evaluate if blastomere/trophectoderm biopsy for preimplantation genetic testing affects early HCG levels.

Serum hCG reference values in menopausal women across four immunoassay platforms: implications of renal function for clinical interpretation

Bavoux D, Bouvier D, Puravet A, Pereira B, Durif J, Rozand I, Sapin V, Oris C. · Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine

Objectives Most available data on human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) elevations in menopausal women are derived from studies using Roche assays, with limited evidence across other immunoassay platforms.

Balancing the benefits and risks of GLP-1 receptor agonists: a clinical guide for shared decision-making

Moiz A, Peters TM, Tsoukas MA, Yu OHY, Filion KB, Eisenberg MJ. · EClinicalMedicine

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are now used widely to manage diabetes, obesity, and an expanding set of metabolic and cardiorenal conditions.

The use of GLP-1 receptor agonists and co-agonists in adults without diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis protocol

Moiz A, Reynier P, Tsoukas MA, Yu OH, Peters TM, Eisenberg MJ, Filion KB. · Systematic reviews

Background Despite the increasing clinical use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), head-to-head evidence across these agents remains limited.

Dysesthesia associated with GLP-1 agonist therapies: data-mining analysis and literature review

Laroche ML, Géniaux H, Jardou M. · European journal of clinical pharmacology

Purpose An increasing number of anecdotal reports on social media platforms and medical blogs describe dysesthesia, particularly burning skin sensations, in association with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists.

Do no harm: managing nausea and vomiting in GLP-1 based obesity therapies

Alhazmi A, le Roux CW. · Frontiers in endocrinology

Evolution of incretin-based therapies: From GLP-1 monotherapy to dual and triple agonists: A new era in metabolic therapy

Gupta M, Shukla J. · The Indian journal of medical research

Incretin-based therapies have revolutionised the management of metabolic disorders, transitioning from DPP-4 inhibitors to advanced GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and next-generation dual and triple agonists.

Incretin-Based Dual and Triple Agonists in Overweight or Obese Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Chan ZH, Omar AS, Gill K, Volucke G, Azhar MM, Haleem SM, Sia JE, Rahman OU, Ahmad M, Shahid N, Gardezi SA, Joseph KV, Behary Paray N, Zulfiqar E. · Cardiology in review

Incretin-based dual and triple agonists have emerged as effective options for obesity management, offering enhanced weight loss through multi-receptor agonism. However, data on their efficacy and safety remain limited.

Tirzepatide Regulates Pacemaker Function by Modulating cAMP and Calcium Dynamics in Human Sinoatrial Node Cells

Ren L, Belbachir N, Zhang H, Thai PN, Huang R, Zhu W, Wu X, Xie M, Gao J, Kim HY, Liu T, Sun J, Ghazizadeh Z, Navedo MF, Wu JC. · Circulation

Lower fall and femoral fracture risks with semaglutide and tirzepatide compared with DPP-4 inhibitors in older adults with type 2 diabetes

Chen HY, Wu JY, Chu YH, Chen TW, Huang CF. · Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA

This retrospective cohort study evaluated whether semaglutide and tirzepatide reduce the risk of falls and femoral fractures in older adults with type 2 diabetes and overweight or obesity. The findings showed significantly lower risks of both outcomes compared with DPP-4 inhibitors.

Tirzepatide and reduced risk of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis: a multicenter U.S. cohort study

Kahkedjian F, Shah J, Kreidieh F. · Frontiers in endocrinology

Background Tirzepatide is a dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist used in patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity.

Tirzepatide and risk of newly diagnosed aortic stenosis in patients with obesity: a multi-institutional real-world cohort study

Wu JY, Lee KW, Huang SC, Chang HY, Lin YM. · BMC cardiovascular disorders

Background Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of degenerative aortic stenosis (AS), yet no pharmacologic therapy has been proven to prevent AS onset.

Safety Profile of Tirzepatide in Real-World Clinical Practice: A Pharmacovigilance Study Using the FAERS Database

Guo X, Zhang J, Li Q, Ye Z, Yuan S. · Diabetes, obesity & metabolism

Aims Tirzepatide, a first-in-class dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist, was approved by the FDA for type 2 diabetes mellitus (2022) and chronic weight management (2023). Despite superior efficacy in trials, its real-world safety profile remains incompletely characterised.

Effects of Tirzepatide in Obesity-Related HFpEF by Sex: A Prespecified Secondary Analysis From the SUMMIT Trial

Borlaug BA, Zile MR, Kramer CM, Litwin SE, Ye W, Ou Y, Hurt K, Murakami M, Packer M, SUMMIT Trial Group. · JACC. Heart failure

Background The SUMMIT trial showed that the long-acting glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide decreased risk of cardiovascular death or worsening heart failure (HF) in patients with obesity-related heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (H…

Tirzepatide, cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in obesity and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Spiazzi BF, Zingano CP, Colpani V, Gerchman F. · Diabetes research and clinical practice

Aims To assess the effect of tirzepatide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide agonist, on cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in subjects with overweight/obesity, or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Real-world treatment satisfaction and experience with once-weekly tirzepatide: Insights from prescribing physicians and people with obesity or overweight

Gibble TH, Leith A, Harrison L, Gerber C, Raikar SK, Seth E, Artime E. · Obesity pillars

Background Tirzepatide, a once-weekly glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, has demonstrated its efficacy in clinical trials; however, real-world evidence on treatment satisfaction and experiences among people with obesity or overweight (PwO) and their…

Tirzepatide as a therapeutic tool for kidney impairment in obesity: insights from a real-world study

Galasso M, Verde L, Patrone R, Ragozzino G, Annunziata G, Colao A, Barrea L, Muscogiuri G. · Journal of translational medicine

Background Obesity is a major risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD), contributing to kidney dysfunction through metabolic alterations and chronic inflammation.

Comparative Cardiovascular Outcomes of Tirzepatide and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

Wu JY, Lee KW, Kao CL, Hung KC, Yu T, Lin YM. · Journal of the American Heart Association

Background To evaluate the association between tirzepatide use and 1-year risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, compared with GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) receptor agonists.

Hypersensitivity Reaction to Tirzepatide With Demonstrated Tolerance to Semaglutide: A Case Report

Nejat C, Lin R, Addo D, Cuenca-Sisko K, Lee-Wong M. · Clinical case reports

Hypersensitivity reactions to glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are uncommon but clinically significant given their expanding use for obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Effect of short-term tirzepatide treatment on mean platelet volume in patients with obesity: a retrospective controlled study

Demircan F, Ozozan OV, Gozel N. · BMC endocrine disorders

Objective Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, increased cardiovascular risk, and alterations in platelet indices [1-5]. Mean platelet volume (MPV) is an easily obtainable surrogate marker that has been linked to platelet activation and inflammatory burden [4, 6-8].

ANP32E drives lung adenocarcinoma progression via GSK3β-mediated glycolytic reprogramming

Wang Z, Li Q, Ye Z, Wu X, Fang C, Jiang W, Zhu M. · Cell death & disease

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), a leading cause of cancer mortality, involves incompletely understood epigenetic-metabolic crosstalk. We identified ANP32E as a key regulator through multi-omics (TCGA, scRNA-seq) and clinical analyses, finding its overexpression correlates with poor prognosis.

Targeting Leukopoiesis: Pharmacological and Biotechnological Strategies for the Treatment of Leukopenia

Baktybayeva L, Kaldybayeva AB, Sokolenko A, Tursynova B, Ten AY, Daulet G, Svambayev E, Thevis M, Yu VK, Tassibekov KS. · Biomedicines

Leukopenia remains a major clinical challenge associated with infectious diseases, oncological therapies, autoimmune disorders, and metabolic and iatrogenic conditions.

Thymulin restrains age-associated myeloid inflammation and enhances cancer immunotherapy

Kanemaru H, Luong S, Yamamoto Y, Mizukami Y, Ito F. · Nature communications

Chronic inflammation increases with age and contributes to cancer progression and therapeutic resistance, yet the mechanisms underlying this process remain incompletely understood.

Zinc Coordination by Thymosin β4: Structural Determinants and Functional Implications

Lachowicz J, Congiu T, Salis A, Cesare Marincola F. · International journal of molecular sciences

A Prospective, Multicenter, Open-label, Single-arm Phase II Clinical Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Spatially Fractionated Radiotherapy Combined With the PraG Strategy for the Treatment of Soft Tissue Sarcoma

ClinicalTrials.gov

The primary objective of this clinical trial is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of spatially fractionated radiotherapy combined with the PraG strategy in the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma (STS). The main questions it aims to answer are: 1.

A Case Report of a Multisystemic Immune-Related Adverse Event Caused by Sintilimab in Combination With Thymosin Alpha-1

Li T, Wu BL, Yu CL, Jin LY. · Clinical case reports

To report a case of a nasopharyngeal carcinoma patient who developed multisystem immune-related adverse events (irAEs) after treatment with sintilimab (PD-1 inhibitor) in combination with thymosin alpha-1 (Tα1). The patient presents with high fever, rash, interstitial pulmonary edema, and multiple organ failure.

Thymosin Alpha-1 Restores Chemotherapy-Induced Antitumor Immunity by Chaperoning a MicroRNA Ligand of TLR7 in Dendritic Cells

Wei Y, Chen J, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhu F, Wang X, Zhou X, Wu C, Zhang W, Chen J, Zhang Y, Pan N, Chen K, Zheng S, Yan C, Liu L, Wang L. · Cancer research

Chemotherapy induces cancer cell apoptosis and the release of apoptotic bodies (ABs) that are poorly immunogenic or immunosuppressive, creating a major barrier to the success of co-administered or second-line immunotherapies.

Relationships of Anemia, Serum Iron, and Serum Copper in Hospitalized Alpacas (Vicugna pacos)

Kornblum M, Buchallik-Schregel J, Röhrig P, Polifka A, Ganter M, Wagener MG. · Biological trace element research

A large number of South American camelids (SAC) presented to a veterinary clinic are diagnosed with anemia.

Tesamorelin for Reduction of Liver Fat in Adults With Fatty Liver Disease (Mock Study)

ClinicalTrials.gov

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase II study evaluates whether daily subcutaneous tesamorelin (a growth hormone-releasing hormone analog) reduces liver fat in adults with fatty liver disease.

Obesity and Weight Management in HIV: Epidemiology, Complications, and Emerging Treatments

Pryke L, Koethe JR, Bailin S. · Current HIV/AIDS reports

Purpose of review People living with HIV (PLWH) on contemporary antiretroviral therapy experience high rates of overweight/obesity, which predisposes to cardiometabolic disease and multiple other conditions with negative health consequences in this aging population.

P-1231. A Phase 1 Open-label, Parallel-group, Single-dose Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Obeldesivir in Participants with Normal Renal Function and Renal Impairment

Open Forum Infectious Diseases

Injectable Peptide Therapy: A Primer for Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Physicians

Mayfield CK, Bolia IK, Feingold CL, Lin EH, Liu JN, Rick Hatch GF, Gamradt SC, Weber AE. · The American journal of sports medicine

Background Therapeutic peptides are short-chain amino acids that regulate cellular functions and facilitate biochemical processes. In recent years, there has been significant growth in the global market for therapeutic peptides and thus its popularity among patients.

Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance

Mendias CL, Awan TM. · Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)

Peptides are short chains of amino acids with a unique pharmacological niche between small-molecule drugs and large proteins. Their use in sports medicine is rapidly expanding, driven by patient demand for accelerated injury recovery and performance enhancement.

Injectable Peptides in Sports Medicine: A Structured Narrative Review of Evidence, Safety, and Antidoping Implications

Villegas Meza AD, Nocek M, Mitchell BC, Lizarraga M, DeFoor MT, Ruzbarsky JJ, Huard J, Philippon MJ. · JBJS reviews

Background Injectable peptides are increasingly promoted for musculoskeletal recovery, tissue repair, and performance enhancements; however, clinical adoption has outpaced high-quality evidence and regulatory consensus.

The effect of growth hormone-releasing hormone on cognition and brain connectivity in adults with cognition ranging from normal to mild cognitive impairment

Stewart CE, French KP, Wright TJ, Wilhoit K, Randolph KM, Danesi CP, Gilkison CR, Karmonik C, Lu L, Dillon EL, Durham WJ, Urban RJ, Sheffield-Moore M, Masel BE. · eNeurologicalSci

Cognitive decline with age and other clinical conditions are linked with reduced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function.